The German Silesian dialect is not recognized by the Polish State in any way, although the status of the German minority in Poland has improved much since the 1991 communist collapse and Polish entry into the European Union.
There are still unresolved feelings on the sides of both Poles and Germans, largely because of Nazi Germany's war crimes on Poles and the forced expulsion and ethnic cleansing of native Germans from former German territories that were transferred to Poland in the wake of the Potsdam Agreement. Polish authorities banned the use of the German language. After the forcible expulsion of the Germans from Silesia, German Silesian culture and language nearly died out when most of Silesia became part of Poland in 1945. Īfter World War II, local communist authorities forbade the use of the language. In the 13th century, German-speaking settlers from Silesia arrived at the region around Trautenau (Trutnov), and the region around Freiwaldau (Jeseník), often founding settlements in previously uninhabited mountainous areas. īy migration over the Sudetes, the language spread to neighboring regions of Bohemia. The German-speaking inhabitants of Silesia are thought to be descendants of settlers from Upper Lusatia, Saxony, Thuringia and Franconia who first arrived in Silesia (back then part of Piast Poland) in the 13th century. In origin, Silesian German appears to derive from 12th-century dialects of Middle High German, including medieval forms of Upper Saxon German, East Franconian German and Thuringian. Historical area of distribution of the Silesian German
Most descendants of the Silesian Germans expelled to West and East Germany no longer learned the dialect, and the cultural gatherings were less and less frequented.Ī remaining German minority in Opole Voivodeship continues use of German in Upper Silesia, but only the older generation speaks the Upper Silesian dialect of Silesian German in today's Poland. Silesian German continued to be spoken only by individual families, only few of them remaining in their home region, but most of them expelled to the remaining territory of Germany. After World War II, when the province of Silesia was incorporated into Poland, with small portions remaining in northeastern Czech Republic and in eastern Germany, the local communist authorities expelled the German speaking population and forbade the use of the language. Variations of the dialect until 1945 were spoken by about seven million people in Silesia and neighboring regions of Bohemia and Moravia. Silesian German emerged as the result of Late Medieval German migration to Silesia, which had been inhabited by Lechitic or West Slavic peoples in the Early Middle Ages. It is part of the East Central German language area with some West Slavic and Lechitic influences.
This proof-of-concept sensor-integrated soft robotic interface could be instrumental in the future development of proprioceptive sensing robots and soft robotic segments.Silesian (Silesian: Schläsisch, Schläs’sch, Schlä’sch, Schläsch, German: Schlesisch), Silesian German or Lower Silesian is a nearly extinct German dialect spoken in Silesia. On account of the excellent responses mentioned, the sensor could detect human motion and has also been demonstrated in this paper. Furthermore, the sensing strip embedded on a soft robotic pneumatic actuator mounted on a test rig showed excellent movement detection response upon actuation. We present a super-elastic, ultrasoft natural rubber composite containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes in presence of a hydrofinished oil-based softener. The resulting conducting elastomer offered a line-up of compelling characteristics such as low electrical percolation (1000). A piezoresistive strain sensor embedded-soft robotic arm has been a challenging task in terms of surface compatibility, shape and dynamics of the soft robotic components. Piezoresistive soft composites are ubiquitous in strain sensing that manifests in a dramatic increment of electrical resistivity upon elongation. Super-elastic ultrasoft natural rubber-based piezoresistive sensors for active sensing interface embedded on soft robotic actuator